The contribution of tourism for many countries is so great that any downturn in the industry is a cause of major concern for many governments. One area where this kind of capacity building would be important is the tourism sector. We complement our theoretical work with insights from the september 11 terrorist attacks in new york. The impact of terrorism on tourism destination image and development article pdf available october 2018 with 2,652 reads how we measure reads. Terrorism and crime have been acknowledged as negative factors entailing both direct costs value of damaged structures, lives lost or damaged, injuries sustained, cleanup. The repercussions are left in many other industries. The impact of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry cant help but be noticed as well. The impacts of terrorism on tourism in the eu modul university. Request pdf the impact of terrorism on tourism demand terrorism and threats to national security are documented to have impacts on tourism demand. This changes peoples perception of places in tourism terms, destinations and may affect tourists behavior. In europe in recent years, terrorist attacks, and the considerable media coverage they have received, have. For the analysis, the researchers desig ned the research methodologies that are.
The impact of terrorism on tourism and hospitality business what have been the longerterm effects a slight increase in the awareness of security ie january 2002 to today. Impact of terrorist attacks on tourism and how to prevent. The pivotal question to be answered is which effects terrorism has on the tourism industry. Terrorism in kenya has affected the tourism industry. The effect of terrorism on tourism in africa in the 21st. While terrorism is a global phenomenon, africa seems to bear the greatest brunt of it, largely due to limited military resources and ongoing economic deprivation, which. Terrorism on tourism according to enders and sanders 2002. Tourism and terrorism are two contrasting things that change the economy of countries. Over the years, terrorism acts have targeted tourist sites and in places where people gather in normal places. Tourism remains resilient in face of global terrorism. Pdf the impact of terrorism on tourism destination image. Terrorism impacts significantly the tourism industry, which further affects the general. This was not a standalone event since other places were hit previously. Terrorism against tourists in general is either a politically or a culturally motivated act.
This paper decomposes the commercial effects of terrorism in a systematic way. This study looks at the impact that terrorism has on tourism levels, gross domestic product, and foreign. Terrorism data has become more important to the tourism and travel industry since the attacks on september 11, 2001. The number of international visitors declined from about 6. According to ritchie 2004 a competent and strong plan for managing disaster is crucial for the tourism sector. Foreign tourist arrivals, in the study show the direct relationship of the effect. This paper examines the effects of terrorist attacks on tourism in europe. By identifying and protecting essential regional revenue streams like tourism and oil, counterterrorism officials could help mitigate the devastating economic effects that extremist groups inflict on the middle east. Bassil 2014 researched the effects of domestic and international terrorism on tourism demand to lebanon, turkey and israel over the period 1995 through 2007. There is merit in measuring the cost of terrorism as a way to identify gaps and challenges in intelligence. Tourists can easily choose safer destinations, but the effects of negative occurrences on the local tourism industry and tourist destination can be profound.
It can lead to unemployment, homelessness, deflation, and many other social and economic ills. The operating environment for the tourism sector evolved in a huge way after the attacks to the twin towers in september of 2001. The impact of terrorism on tourism demand request pdf. And while anxiety surrounding targeted areas after attacks is understandable, terrorism, in. Terrorism is not a new phenomenon in human experience. The study adopted the descriptive research design and employed the survey method for the collection of primary data from respondents. The impact of terrorism on the economic sustainable tourism. International journal of religious tourism and pilgrimage. The impact of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry can be enormous. The university of southern mississippi the aquila digital. The effects of terrorism and crime on international tourism. In this paper, we explore the effects on two levels.
More recently, the 1991 persian gulf war and the possibility of related global terrorism refocused attention on the topic. Evaluating kenyas tourism crisis the purpose of this paper is to provide information that can aid in the development of a crisis management plan for kenya. The threat of terrorism is a somber factor the global travel industry is forced to face. Consequently, the tourism industry suffered a great blow. The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. Tourism helps to promote and develop the economy of the countries, where as terrorism affects the economic negatively. The impacts of terrorism on uk tourism tourism essay. Why we need to measure the economic impact of terrorism in. Following acts of terrorism, such as the bombing of the united states embassy in nairobi, the capital city of kenya. It is very vital that an unfortunate event such as terrorism is thought of as a crisis simply for the fact that the energy and resources can be put into place to handle the situation. The terrorist attacks and international travel tourism.
While examining impact of terrorism and instability on the tourism industry in egypt. This study looks at the effect of terrorism on tourism in africa in the 21st century. The tourism industry is, by its nature, vulnerable to a host of potential risks, from security challenges such as crime, terrorism, armedconflict, and civil unrest. Of these risks, terrorism perhaps represents the most significant threat to the industry as it. Then it will offer an overview on the effects on tourism illustrating several examples and will finally elaborate on crisis recovery strategies by. Effects on tourism and hospitality industry when one thinks of the effect that acts of terrorism has on the tourism and hospitality industry it is safe to say that the effect definitely is a negative one and instantly eradicates tourist. A recent tourism market report indicated that when terrorist attacks take place in areas already.
Similarly, yap and saha 20 find that terrorism has a negative effect on tourism demand, but that the effect is smaller in countries that have historical and natural attractions questioning previous results that had considered terrorism as an isolated factor. The impact of the 2016 terrorist attacks in brussels on tourism. International travel and tourism is a significant contributor to economic growth and development, with worldwide growth in international tourist arrivals outpacing national income growth one out of every two years over the past 30 years. The findings of the tourism demand model are that terrorism and crime have a negative effect on tourist arrivals but that corruption has no. So how much has terrorism really affected tourism in india. Terrorism and threats to national security are documented to have impacts on tourism demand. A key challenge of understanding terrorism is both acknowledging the moral outrage at terrorist acts, while at the same time trying to understand the rationale behind terrorism.
The study has presented how terrorist attacks affect tourism. The most obvious is the direct economic destruction of property and lives. Tourism is one of the largest sectors in the world. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the effects of terrorism on tourism industry and economy of the world. With the effect of terrorism on tourism being seen, the study sought to know the mitigation strategies put in place by the government to deal with it.
The studies of imf 2001, hobjin 2002 and navarro and spencer 2001 concluded that the direct cost on tourism demand output seems relatively small and. Undoubtedly, postseptember 11, terrorism posed great a challenge for the wellfunctioning of tourism and hospitality. Terrorism has affected the tourists perception with regard to travelling and the risk associated with it. Top 5 ways terrorism impacts the economy investopedia. The impact of terrorism on tourism veena april 10, 2016 features, miscellaneous, news, tourismrelated comments off on the impact of. Terrorist acts can cause ripple effects through the economy that have negative impacts. The impact of terrorism on european tourism sciencedirect. Terrorisms effect on tourism terrorism can unravel a countrys tourism industry. He found that the impact on tourism is related to the magnitude of terrorist attacks designated as low, medium and high. Although the pace of growth may slow, says wttc, the overall growth.
This continues to intensify as a result of terrorist. The effects of terrorism, crime and corruption on tourism. Political and institutional instability and tourism the effects of terrorism, crime and corruption on economy have been investigated extensively in the academic literature. This paper analyzes the impact of terrorism on tourism especially on european cities. In the modern era, terrorism has become an integrated risk, a maybetoinclude package of travelling for tourists. This paper focuses on the shortrun impacts of the september 11 attacks in new york on tourist.
Hotels were almost collapsing and thousands of kenyans lost their jobs. Terrorism directly affects tourist decision making. The two primary objectives of this article are to discuss terrorism as a tourism crisis and to offer suggestions for managing the effects. The following section describes how terrorism affects the tourism industry. Pdf pterrorist attacks have escalated over the recent years in kenya, with adverse effects on the tourism industry.
Terrorism that targets tourism can be viewed as a disaster for a destination and ensuing events can create a serious tourism crisis. Of course, travelers have historically been attacked by insurgents simply because they represent the epicenter of vulnerability. Post 911 attacks on the world trade centre, the menace of terrorism has. As international terrorism peaked during the mid80s, its inevitable effects on tourism became the object of serious concern. According to the 2016 global terrorism index by the institute for economics and peace, the contribution of the tourism industry to gdp is twice as large in an economy that. Pdf the effects of terrorism, crime and corruption on. To achieve this, we integrate findings from the extant literature and develop our own framework for understanding the commercial effects of terrorism. There are various instances which show the impact of terrorism on tourism. Tourism is one sector of the economy that terrorism can immediately affect. The article answers the questions such as how terrorism proxy number of terrorism related incidents effect on.
Research questions this paper analyzes the impact of terrorism on tourism especially on european cities such as paris and brussels. Pdf modelling the temporal effect of terrorism on tourism in kenya. Tourism remains resilient in face of terrorism if the world travel and tourism council wttc is right, they need not worry. Scientists as well as the general public remember the terrorist attacks that took place in brussels in march 2016. Effects of terrorism effects of terrorism in africa name institution instructor course number effects of terrorism in africa terrorism can be defined as the deliberate use of violence by persons or groups to attain certain goals through threatening a large audience, further than that of the immediate victim cited in crenshaw, 1994. Acts of terrorism instill fear among local and foreign tourists and may change the perception people have toward a country. It was found out that despite the various counter terror. The impact of terrorism on tourism and hospitality. Terrorism indirectly affects the economy by creating market uncertainty, xenophobia, loss of tourism, and increased insurance claims. This paper focuses on the shortrun impacts of the september 11. The direct contribution of travel and tourism to tunisias gdp was expected to grow by 3. The impact of the 2016 terrorist attacks in brussels on. In tourism, crime and international security issues, edited by a.
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